WINTER BONUS MAGAZINE 2026

Factor Description Egg collection strategies The collection method depends on the mating system. In intensive systems (pairs, trios, quads), eggs are collected daily for artificial incubation, reducing environmental impact on egg quality. In extensive systems, eggs are often collected every second day, increasing exposure and potentially lowering hatchability. Environment The breeding environment directly affects production. Camps near roads or foot-paths cause disturbances that lower egg output. Perimeter camps face higher predator pressure from species like baboons and jackals, disrupting breeding behaviour and reducing reproductive success. Nest management Tying in with the environment, nesting conditions also factor into reproductive performance, specifically hatchability. Nests should be kept as dry as possible. Sand and limestone can be used to improve nest hygiene. Stress Stress from management, nutrition, weather, behaviour, or disease can significantly reduce reproductive efficiency. Breeding conditions should be managed to minimise all potential stressors, i.e. control what you can. Puberty and sexual maturity Puberty begins when males produce sperm and females develop follicles, but full sexual maturity requires reproductive and hormonal synchronisation. Body weight influences onset; heavier birds mature earlier. Age South African Black ostriches mature at around three years (females may lay at 18 months); good nutrition and selection promote earlier maturity. Birds often breed before full maturity (males two years, females three years), leading to lower first- season performance due to inexperience and adjustment. Libido (sex drive) Normal reproductive behaviour includes territoriality in males and broodiness in females. Libido peaks in spring (Sept–Nov) and is influenced by nutrition, management, and disease. A lack of libido indicates stress, mate incompatibility, or disturbance. These factors should be identified and corrected promptly. Fertility Male fertility depends on genetic, behavioural, environmental, and physiological factors. Accurate recordkeeping and semen evaluation are vital for assessing fertility. Nutrition Balanced rations are essential year round. Nutrient deficiencies reduce egg and chick quality and fertility. During rest periods, rations should rebuild reserves, particularly for females. Breeding diets must supply sufficient protein (amino acids), energy, vitamins, and minerals to prevent reproductive decline. Genetics Reproductive traits have low heritability, slowing genetic progress compared to physical traits. Specific genetic improvement in flock breeding systems is extremely limited. Male:female ratio Ratios depend on the mating system and camp size. Ostriches are naturally promiscuous, so ratios above 1M:1F are preferred. Flock mating mirrors natural conditions, but limits genetic improvement and can increase feed costs due to surplus males. Factors affecting reproductive efficiency Ostriches have very specific behavioural requirements that need to be accommodated in breeding systems. Small changes in environment, management, and nutrition can have major consequences on mating behaviour and egg production. Table 1: Factors affecting reproductive efficiency