SPRING SUMMER BONUS MAGAZINE 2026

ferences: Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., & Baucher, M. (2003). Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 54, 519–546. Davies, P. J. (2010). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Springer. Fernández, V., & Eichert, T. (2009). Uptake of hydrophilic solutes through plant leaves. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 28, 36–6 Fry, S. C. (1986). Cross-linking of matrix polymers in plant cell walls. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 37, 165–186. Hayat, S. et al. (2010). Salicylic acid and plant stress tolerance. Plant Signalling & Behavior He, S.Y., Huang, H.C. & Collmer, A. (1993). Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae harpinPss: a protein that is secreted v ia the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants . Cell, 73, 1255–1266. ithin this context, calcium movement is not dependent of the wall structure; it is influ- ced by the degree of cross-linking and the sulting restriction of apoplastic transport. y supplying phenolic compounds, KELPURA™ perates within this system, supporting the corporation of calcium into a structurally inforced matrix, rather than allowing it to e excluded by reduced permeability. is structural interaction is reinforced by e phytohormonal activity of KELPURA™, here auxins, cytokinins and brassinosteroids gulate growth, sink strength and mem- rane function. These hormones increase e demand for calcium in developing tissues hile improving directional movement toward ese sites, ensuring that calcium reaches reas where phenolic-mediated structural inforcement is actively occurring (Davies, 10; Vriet et al., 2012). In this way, KELPURA™ igns calcium delivery with the plant’s struc- ral development processes. t the same time, KELPURA™ maintains the hysiological conditions required for calcium ptake under stress. During reproductive evelopment, elevated abscisic acid and ethy- ne activity can suppress growth and reduce utrient uptake, limiting calcium movement. e salicylic acid content of KELPURA™ regu- tes stress responses and supports continued etabolic activity, ensuring that calcium ptake and transport processes remain active. enzoic acid contributes to this system through s role in metabolic pathways associated with licylic acid and cytokinin activity, reinforcing e plant’s ability to maintain calcium utilisation nder adverse conditions (Hayat et al., 2010; han et al., 2015). Figure 4. Change in Total Leaf calcium concentration (% Ca) across treatments, 72 hours after foliar application of KELPURA™ (500 ml/ 100L), and a competitor elicitor product (5 g/100 L). 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Control HarpinProtein+Calcinator™ HarpinProtein+Ca(NO₃)₂ KELPURA™+Calcinator™ KELPURA™+Ca(NO₃)₂ %Ca in leaf tissueafter72hrs Figure 4. Leaf calcium concentration (% Ca) across treatments 72 hours after foliar application of Calcinator™ (1L/100 L) + Kelpura™ (500 ml/ 100L), calcium nitrate (200kg/ha) and a harpin protein product (5 g/100 L) Within this context, calci m movement is not independent of the wall structure; it is influenced by the degree of cross-linking and the resulting restriction of apoplastic transport. By supplying phenolic compounds, KELPURA™ operates within this system, supporting the incorporation of calcium into a structurally reinforced matrix, rather than allowing it to be excluded by reduced per e bility. This structural interaction is reinforced by the phytohormonal activity of KELPURA™, where auxins, cytokinins, and brassi osteroi s regulate growth, sink strength and membrane function. These hormones increase the demand for calcium in developing tissues while improving directional movement toward these sites, e suring that calcium reaches areas where phenolic-mediated structural reinforcement is actively occurring (Davies, 2010; Vriet et al ., 2012). In this way, KELPURA™ aligns calcium delivery with he pla t’s structural development pro esses. At the same time, KELPURA™ maintains the physiological conditions required for calcium up ake under stress. During reproductive development, elevated abscisic acid and ethylene activity can suppress growth and reduce nutrient uptake, limiting calcium movement. The salicylic acid content of KELPURA™ regulates stress responses and supports continued metabolic activity, ensuring that calcium uptake and transport processes remain active. Benzoic acid contributes to this system through its role in met bolic pathways associated with salicylic acid and cytokinin activity, reinforcing the plant’s ability to maintain calcium utilisatio under adverse conditio s (Hayat et al ., 2010; Khan et al ., 2015). References: 1. Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., & Baucher, M. (2003). Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 54, 519–546. 2. Davies, P. J. (2010). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Springer. 3. Fernández, V., & Eichert, T. (2009). Uptake of hydrophilic solutes through plant leaves. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 28, 36–68. 4. Fry, S. C. (1986). Cross-linking of matrix polymers in plant cell walls. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 37, 165–186. 5. Hayat, S. et al . (2010). Salicylic acid and plant stress tolerance . Plant Signalling & Behavior 6. He, S.Y., Huang, H.C. & C llmer, A. (1993). P eudomonas syringae pv. syringae harpinPss: a protein that is secreted via the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell, 73, 1255–1266. 7. Hepler, P. K. (2005). Calcium regulation in plant development. The Plant Cell, 17, 2142–2155. Spring/Summer 2026 BONUS www.agribonus.co.za 130