SPRING SUMMER BONUS MAGAZINE 2026

8. Khan, M. I. R. et al. (2015). Salicylic acid-induced stress tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 462. 9. Lee, J., Klessig, D.F. & Nürnberger, T. (2001). A harpin binding site in tobacco plasma membranes mediates activation of the pathogenesis-related gene expression and ion fluxes. The Plant Cell, 13, 1079–1093. 10. Marschner, P. (2012). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press. 11. Ralph, J. et al. (2004). Lignin structure and formation. Phytochemistry Reviews, 3, 29–60. 12. Taiz, L. et al. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer. 13. Vriet, C. et al. (2012). Brassinosteroids in crop performance. The Plant Cell, 24, 842–857. 14. Wei, Z.M., Laby, R.J., Zumoff, C.H., Bauer, D.W., He, S.Y., Collmer, A. & Beer, S.V. (1992). Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science, 257, 85–88. the effectiveness of applied calcium, ensuring that supply is translated into The amino acid fraction of KELPURA™ further supports calcium efficiency by maintaining calcium in a mobile and plant-available form during foliar uptake and transport. Amino acids such as glutamate, glycine, histidine, and lysine facilitate calcium movement across the leaf surface and within the apoplast, while glutamate and aspartate support internal transport. Serine contributes to cell wall synthesis, linking calcium delivery directly to structural incorporation. This ensures that calcium remains available long enough to reach developing tissues and be integrated into the cell wall alongside phenolic components (Fernández & Eichert, 2009). There are several calcium elicitor type biostimulants commercially available (Wei et al., 1992; He et al ., 1993; Lee et al ., 2001). In comparison to these approaches, the response achieved with KELPURA™ has been shown to elevate calcium levels above those of a competitor product 72 hrs after application (Fig. 4). While these strategies function primarily through elicitation pathways, triggering Ca²+ fluxes as part of hypersensitive response signalling, KELPURA™ operates through a broader biochemical framework that supports calcium mobility, transport, and structural incorporation simultaneously. The measured increases in calcium uptake and retention confirm that KELPURA™ delivers a comparable functional outcome through this integrated mode of action. Conclusion KELPURA™ determines the efficiency of calcium utilisation by driving the absorption, transport, and structural incorporation of calcium within the plant. Through its integrated biochemical composition, it ensures that calcium is not merely present, but also functionally embedded within a phenolic-reinforced cell wall system where calcium-pectate stabilisation and cross-linking operate together. When used in combination with CALCINATOR™, KELPURA™ further enhances the effectiveness of applied calcium, ensuring that supply is translated into functional structural integration during critical developmental stages. 8. . I. R. et al. (2015). Salicylic acid-induced stres tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 4 2. 9. Lee, J., Klessig, D.F. & Nürnberger, T. (2001). A harpin binding site in tobacco plasma me branes mediates activation of the pathogenesis-related gene expression and ion uxes. The Plant Cell, 13, 1079–1093. 10. Marschner, P. (2012). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants . Academic Press. 11. Ralph, J. et al. (2004). Lignin structure and formation. Phytochemistry Reviews, 3, 29–60. 12. T iz, L. et al. (2015). Plant Phy iology and Development. Sinauer. 13. Vriet, C. et al. (2012). Br ssinoster ids i crop performance. Th Plant Cell, 24, 842–857. 14. Wei, Z.M., Laby, R.J., Zumoff, C.H., Bauer, D.W., He, S.Y., Collmer, A. & Beer, S.V. (1992). Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science, 257, 85–88. www.agribonus.co.za Spring/Summer 2026 BONUS 131